1.2 Introduction to ‘C’: General structure of ‘ C' program, Header file, ‘main ()’ function.
1.3 Fundamental constructs of ‘C’: Character set, tokens, keywords, Identifiers, Constants - number constants, character constants, string constants, Variables.
Data types in ‘C’: Declaring variables, datatype conversion.
1.4 Basic Input and Output functions: input and output
statements using printf(), scanf() functions.
1.5 Assignments and expressions: simple assignment
statements, arithmetic operators, shift operators,
bitwise operators, sizeof operator.
- Unit - II Control structures
2.1 Conditional statements: Relational operators,
logical operators, if statement, if-else statements,
nested if-else statements, if-else ladder, switch
statement.
2.2 Looping statements : while loop, do… while
loop, for loop.
2.3 Branching Statements: goto statement, use of
'break' and 'continue' statements.
- Unit - III Arrays and structure
3.1 Characteristics of an array, One dimension and two
dimensional arrays, concept of multi-dimensional
arrays.
3.2 Array declaration and Initialization.
3.3 Operations on Arrays.
3.4 Character and String input/output and String
related operations.
3.5 Introduction and Features of Structures,
Declaration and Initialization of Structures, array of
structures.
3.6 Type def, Enumerated Data Type.
- Unit - IV Functions
4.1 Concept and need of functions.
4.2 Library functions: Math functions, String handling
functions, other miscellaneous functions such as
getchar(), putchar(), malloc(), calloc().
4.3 Writing User defined functions - function
definition, functions declaration, function call, scope of
variables - local variables, global variables.
4.4 Function parameters: Parameter passing- call by
value & call by reference, function return values,
function return types ,declaring function return types,
The 'return' statement.
4.5 Recursive functions.
- Unit - V Pointers
5.1 Introduction to Pointers : Definition, use of
pointers, ‘*’ and ‘&’ operators, declaring, initializing,
accessing pointers.
5.2 Pointer arithmetic.
5.3 Pointer to array.
5.4 Pointer and Text string.
5.5 Function handling using pointers.
5.6 Pointers to structure.
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### Exploring the C Language: The Cornerstone of Modern Programming
The C programming language, a powerful tool for software development, has been at the heart of computing since its inception in the early 1970s. Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, C is known for its efficiency and control over system resources, making it a perennial favorite for developing firmware, system software, and other high-performance applications. This blog post will delve into the origins, characteristics, and enduring legacy of C, providing insights into why it remains relevant in today’s diverse tech landscape.
#### The Origins of C
C’s development was primarily driven by the need for a structured, efficient language that could be used for operating system development, specifically to re-implement the UNIX operating system. Its precursor was the B language, but C offered enhancements such as data types and structuring of code, allowing it to handle low-level operations as efficiently as assembly language but with the high-level abstraction benefits of older languages like FORTRAN.
#### Key Features of C
1. **Simplicity and Efficiency**: C’s syntax is straightforward, with a minimalistic set of keywords and a structure that can be easily understood by the compiler. This simplicity translates to faster programs, a critical factor when working with systems with limited resources.
2. **Portability**: Programs written in C can be moved from one type of computer to another with few changes. This portability was revolutionary, contributing significantly to C's widespread adoption across different hardware platforms.
3. **Low-level Access**: C combines the capabilities of an assembly language with the features of a high-level language. This allows programmers to write low-level system code like memory management routines and device drivers which are typically written in assembly language.
4. **Modularity**: With its support for modular programming, C allows complex programs to be broken into simpler, manageable, and reusable pieces of code.
5. **Rich Library Support**: One of C’s greatest strengths is its standard library which offers numerous built-in functions. These functions perform essential operations such as I/O processing, string manipulation, and memory management, making the language more powerful and versatile.
#### Applications of C
- **Operating Systems**: C’s direct access to system hardware and memory makes it ideal for developing fundamental system components. The UNIX operating system, from which Linux was later derived, was primarily written in C.
- **Embedded Systems**: Due to its efficiency and ability to operate on devices that have limited computation power and memory, C is extensively used in embedded systems, from automotive systems to wearables.
- **Networking and Security**: C’s ability to handle low-level operations enables the development of network drivers and security protocols which are highly performance-sensitive.
- **Software Development Tools**: Many compilers, assemblers, and debuggers are written in C due to its ability to streamline performance and productivity in software creation.
#### The Legacy and Future of C
Despite its age, C continues to be widely used and remains incredibly relevant in today’s tech world, a testament to its design and capabilities. It underpins modern languages like C++, Objective-C, and even newer languages such as Rust and Go, all of which borrow heavily from its syntax and principles.
#### Conclusion
The C language is a testament to the idea that good design does not age but adapts and provides a foundation for the future. It teaches a disciplined approach to programming that is often missing in higher-level languages. Whether you’re a beginner interested in understanding how computers work, or an experienced developer looking to fine-tune your programming skills, learning C is invaluable.
For programmers, venturing into C programming means gaining deeper insight into the working of languages they might already use. For new programmers, it lays a solid foundation of understanding the principles of computing. As technology continues to evolve, the influence of C remains undiminished, continuing to shape the way we think about performance, efficiency, and programming discipline.
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