Cloud Computing

CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing Ut Papers => Download Now!!

Cloud Computing Practical Exam ⇒ Download Now!!

Unit - I Fundamentals of Cloud Computing 

1.1 Definition of Cloud Computing, Characteristics of Cloud computing 

Cloud Computing is the combination of Network with Internet. It is a technology which is manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application. It is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data centres and servers, one can access technology services, such as computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud server.

Cloud computing offers platform independency, that means software is not required to be installed in a local PC.

Cloud computing means storing, managing, and processing data on the internet instead of your computer’s hard drive.

Characteristics of cloud computing:

On-demand service – You get computing resources whenever you need them, like ordering food online 🍔.

Broad network access – You can use it anywhere, anytime, on any device 🌐.

Resource pooling – One big system serves many users at once, like a water tank supplying many houses 💧.

Rapid elasticity – It can grow or shrink quickly as your needs change, like stretching a rubber band 🧘.

Measured service – You pay only for what you use, like your electricity bill 💡.

1.2 Cloud Deployment Models(Introduction, advantages and disadvantages) : Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Community Cloud, Hybrid Cloud

Model Description Advantages Disadvantages

Public Cloud Services are open to all users over the Internet (e.g., Google Cloud, AWS). Low cost, easy to use, scalable. Less security & control.

Private Cloud Used by one organization only. More security & control. Expensive to maintain.

Community Cloud Shared by organizations with similar needs (e.g., banks, universities). Shared cost, collaboration. Limited scalability.

Hybrid Cloud Combination of public + private clouds. Flexibility, best of both worlds. Complex to manage.

1.3 Cloud Service Models (Function, advantages, disadvantages) : IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

Model Function Advantages Disadvantages

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Provides virtual hardware like servers, storage, networks. Full control, scalable. User must manage OS and apps.

PaaS (Platform as a Service) Provides tools/platforms for app development. Easy development, no setup needed. Limited control over infrastructure.

SaaS (Software as a Service) Ready-made software available online (e.g., Gmail, Zoom). No installation, accessible anywhere. Less customization, data security risk.

1.4 Cloud cost benefits 

No need to buy expensive hardware.

Pay only for what you use (pay-as-you-go).

Reduced electricity and maintenance costs.

Easy to scale up or down – saves money.

1.5 Architectural and Infrastructural components of Cloud Computing

Architectural Components

1. Frontend – What user sees (browser, app).

2. Backend – Servers, storage, database that process requests.

3. Cloud Management – Controls data flow between frontend & backend.

4. Security & Compliance – Protects data and ensures privacy.

Infrastructural Components

1. Servers – Run applications and store data.

2. Storage – Holds user data.

3. Network – Connects users to the cloud.

4. Virtualization – Divides physical resources into multiple virtual ones.

5. Data Centers – Physical buildings with servers and equipment.

 

Unit - II Virtualization 

2.1 Introduction, Virtualization Reference Model, Characteristics of virtualized environment 

Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of something—like a computer, server, or storage device—instead of using the physical one.

➡️ In short: It allows one physical machine to run many virtual machines (VMs).

Virtualization Reference Model

It has three layers:

1. Hardware Layer – Physical resources (CPU, memory, disk).

2. Virtualization Layer – Software (called hypervisor) that divides physical resources into virtual ones.

3. Virtual Machine Layer – Multiple VMs, each running its own OS and apps.

Characteristics of a Virtualized Environment

• Resource sharing

• Isolation (each VM works independently)

• Portability (VMs can move easily)

• Scalability (easy to add more VMs)

• Efficient utilization of hardware

2.2 Differentiate various types of Virtualization : Storage, Network , Desktop , Application server 

Type Description Example

Storage Virtualization Combines multiple storage devices into one virtual storage system. RAID, SAN

Network Virtualization Creates virtual networks on top of physical ones. VLAN, VPN

Desktop Virtualization Users access desktop OS remotely from a central server. Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)

Application Server Virtualization Applications run on virtual servers instead of physical servers. Web server on a VM

2.3 Technology Examples 

2.3.1 VMWare: Full Virtualization Reference Model 

VMware uses a hypervisor (like VMware ESXi) to completely emulate hardware.

Each VM runs its own Operating System without knowing it’s virtual.

Provides full hardware isolation, independent OS, and easy migration.

2.3.2 Xen: Architecture and Guest Operating System Management 

Xen uses paravirtualization (some OS modifications needed).

Has two main components:

• Dom0 – Control domain (manages others).

• DomU – Guest domains (run user OS).

Lightweight and good for server environments.

2.4 Definition and Life Cycle of Virtual Machine(VM), VM Migration: Concept and Techniques, VM Consolidation: Concepts, VM Management: Concepts 

Definition:

A Virtual Machine (VM) is a software-based computer that behaves like a real physical computer.

VM Life Cycle:

1. Creation – VM is defined and configured.

2. Boot/Start – VM starts running.

3. Snapshot – Save the VM’s current state.

4. Suspend/Resume – Pause and continue operation.

5. Shutdown/Delete – VM is stopped or removed.

VM Migration – Concept & Techniques

➡️ Moving a running VM from one physical host to another.

• Cold Migration: Move when VM is off.

• Live Migration: Move while VM is running (no downtime).

VM Consolidation – Concept

Combining multiple small workloads onto fewer powerful servers to save energy and cost.

VM Management – Concept

Managing VMs involves:

• Monitoring performance

• Allocating resources

• Ensuring security

• Handling backups and migrations

2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Virtualization

Advantages Disadvantages

Better hardware utilization Performance overhead

Easy backup & recovery Complex setup

Cost savings Security risks between VMs

Quick deployment of servers Licensing costs

Energy efficient Requires skilled management

 

Unit - III Cloud Storage, Monitoring and Management 

3.1 Cloud Storage System Architecture 

Definition:

Cloud storage architecture is the design that allows data to be stored, managed, and accessed over the Internet using remote servers.

Main Components:

1. Client (User) – Requests to store or access data.

2. Application Server – Manages user requests and authentication.

3. Storage Servers – Store the actual data.

4. Management System – Handles backup, replication, and monitoring.

Features:

• Scalability

• Data redundancy (copies in multiple locations)

• Easy access from anywhere

• Backup and recovery support

3.2 Virtualize Data Centre (VDC) Architecture, VDC Environment, Server, Storage, Networking, Desktop and Application Virtualization techniques and benefits 

A Virtual Data Centre (VDC) uses virtualization to provide data center resources like servers, storage, and networks through software.

VDC Environment Components:

1. Server Virtualization – Multiple virtual servers on one physical server.

2. Storage Virtualization – Combines many storage devices into one pool.

3. Network Virtualization – Creates virtual networks for flexible connections.

4. Desktop Virtualization – Users access desktops remotely.

5. Application Virtualization – Runs apps from a central server.

Benefits:

• Cost-efficient

• Easier backup and disaster recovery

• Better resource utilization

• Faster deployment

3.3 Cloud File Systems: Google File System (GFS) : Components, Features, Advantages and Disadvantages and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) :Terminologies like Heartbeat, Balancing and Replication, Features and Limitations 

1️⃣ Google File System (GFS)

Components:

• Master Server – Controls metadata (file names, chunk locations).

• Chunk Servers – Store actual data in fixed-size chunks (usually 64 MB).

• Clients – Request data from chunk servers.

Features:

• Fault tolerance

• High performance

• Large file support

• Automatic recovery

Advantages:

• Scalable and reliable

• Handles huge data easily

Disadvantages:

• Single Master Server → may be a bottleneck

• Not suitable for small files

2️⃣ Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)

Key Terminologies:

• NameNode: Manages file metadata.

• DataNode: Stores data blocks.

• Heartbeat: Signal sent from DataNode to NameNode to show it’s active.

• Replication: Data is copied to multiple DataNodes for safety.

• Balancing: Distributes data evenly among nodes.

Features:

• Fault tolerance

• Scalability

• High throughput

Limitations:

• Not good for real-time access

• High latency for small files

3.4 Service Provider and users, An architecture of federated Cloud computing : Model and It's Explanation 

Service Provider:

Provides cloud resources (like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).

User:

Uses those services for computing, storage, or applications.

Federated Cloud Computing

It’s a combination of multiple cloud systems that work together and share resources.

Architecture Model:

• Individual Clouds (Public/Private) connect via federation.

• Broker/Manager handles resource sharing and communication.

Benefits:

• Flexibility and resource sharing

• Reduces vendor lock-in

• Better scalability

3.5 Service Level Agreement (SLA) 

An SLA is a contract between cloud provider and customer that defines the service quality (like uptime, performance, support).

3.5.1 SLA management: 5 Phases of SLA management like Feasibility, On-Boarding, Pre-production, Production and Termination 

Feasibility – Check what services are possible.

On-Boarding – Define responsibilities and terms.

Pre-Production – Test service and monitor performance.

Production – SLA is active and monitored.

Termination – SLA ends when service is stopped.

3.5.2 Types of SLA: Infrastructure SLA and Application SLA 

Type Description

Infrastructure SLA Defines performance of servers, storage, and network.

Application SLA Defines performance of applications (speed, uptime).

3.5.3 Life cycle of SLA: 5 Phases like Contract Definition, Publishing and Discovery , Negotiation, Operationalization and De-commissioning 

Contract Definition – Set service terms and metrics.

Publishing & Discovery – Make SLA visible to users.

Negotiation – Agree on terms between user and provider.

Operationalization – SLA is implemented and monitored.

De-commissioning – SLA is ended or renewed.

3.6 Cloud Service life cycle phases: Service planning, service creation, service operation and service termination

Service Planning – Identify what service to offer.

Service Creation – Develop and configure the service.

Service Operation – Run, monitor, and maintain the service.

Service Termination – Retire or replace the service safely.